| |
CL = |
a − b |
CU = |
a + b |
 |
 |
c |
c |
where:
- CL and CU are the lower and upper confidence limits,
- a = p +(z2/2n) ,
b = |
z |
√
|  |
pq + (z2/4n) |
 |
n |
- c = 1+ z2/n,
- p and q are the proportions in the sample with and without the character of interest,
- n is the sample size,
- z is the 1 − α/2 percentile of the standard normal distribution where α is the significance level; for a 95% confidence interval z = 1.96.
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